Final Year Project Progress Report 17/18 (UNIKL BMI)

SOFTWARE DESIGN For this week. I will explain what the software I use to design my circuit. For this project I will use Fritzing and Arduino (IDE). What is Fritzing ? The software is created in the spirit of the processing programming language and the Arduino microcontroller and allows a designer, artist, researcher, or hobbyist to document their Arduino-based prototype and create a PCB layout for manufacturing. The associated website helps users share and discuss drafts and experiences as well as to reduce manufacturing costs. Fritzing can be seen as an electronic design automation (EDA) tool for non-engineers: the input metaphor is inspired by the environment of designers (the breadboard-based prototype), while the output is focused on accessible means of production. As of December 2, 2014 Fritzing has made a code view option, where one can modify code and upload it directly to an Arduino device. The Fritzing source code is written in C++ using the Qt-framew

JOURNAL 12 HYBRID MOTOR The word Hybrid means combination or mixture. The Hybrid Stepper Motoris a combination of the features of the Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor and Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In the center of the rotor, an axial permanent magnet is provided. It is magnetized to produce a pair of poles as North (N) and South (S). At both the end of the axial magnet the end caps are provided, which contains an equal number of teeth which are magnetized by the magnet. The stator has 8 poles, each of which has one coil and S number of teeth. There are 40 poles on the stator, and each end cap has 50 teeth. The rotor teeth are perfectly aligned with the stator teeth. The teeth of the two end caps are displaced from each other by half of the pole pitch. As the magnet is axially magnetized, all the teeth on the left and right end cap acquire polarity as south and north pole respectively. Advantages of Hybrid Stepper Motor:   The length of the step is smal

JOURNAL 12 DIODE The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking it in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). As such, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). Forms of rectifiers, diodes can be used for such tasks as extracting modulation from radio signals in radio receivers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on–off action, because of their nonlinear current-voltage characteristics. Semiconductor diodes begin conducting electricity only if a certain threshold voltage or cut-in voltage is present in the forward direction (a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased). The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a fun

FINAL FYP BRIEFING The last briefing was conducted at usual place, TTL 1 and the attandance is compulsory. The briefing was conducted by Dr. Zulhilmi Mustafa. The briefing is about : Progress Report Proposal Presentation Proposal Report Progress Report should be decide, whether want to use logbook or blog. My supervisor prefer me to use blog. In Proposal Presentation, student should follow the format in preparing slide. Make sure all important point are in the slide according to the marking scheme. Student should wear proper attire. Proposal Report will consists of content, abstract, preliminary result, conclusion and reference. Student should follow all the thing that have been brief in FYP briefing to avoid any problem during presentation day and during submitting progress & proposal report.

JOURNAL 3 STEPPER MOTOR  A stepper motor can be a good choice whenever controlled movement is required. They can be used to advantage in applications where you need to control rotation angle, speed, position and synchronism. Because of the inherent advantages listed previously, stepper motors have found their place in many different applications. Some of these include printers, plotters, high end office equipment, hard disk drives, medical equipment, fax machines, automotive and many more. Advantages: The rotation angle of the motor is proportional to the input pulse.  The motor has full torque at standstill.  Precise positioning and repeatability of movement since good stepper motors have an accuracy of 3 – 5% of a step and this error is non cumulative from one step to the next.  Excellent response to starting/stopping/reversing.  Very reliable since there are no contact brushes in the motor. Therefore the life of the motor is simply dependant on the life of the bea

JOURNAL 2 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER Transformers are able to work in two regimes, as voltage step-up and voltage step-down transformers.  The step-down transformer converts the high voltage (HV) and low current from the primary side to the low voltage (LV) and high current value on the secondary side. This transformer type has a wide application in electronic devices and electrical systems. When it comes to the operation voltage, the step-up transformer application can be roughly divided in two groups: LV (voltages up to 1 kV) and HV application (voltages above 1 kV). The first LV application refers to the transformers in electronic devices. Supplying the electronic circuits requires a low voltage value (e.g. 5V, even lower values nowadays). The step down transformer is used to provide this low voltage value which is suitable for electronics supplying. It transforms home voltage (230/120 V) from primary to a low voltage on the secondary side which is used for the electro

LITERATURE REVIEW PIR Sensor  PIR sensor detects any change in heat, and whenever it detects any change, its output pin becomes high. They are also referred as Pyroelectric or IR motion sensors. Here we should note that every object emits some amount of infrared when heated. Human also emits infrared because of body heat. PIR sensors can detect small amount of variation in infrared. Whenever an object passes through the sensor range, it produces infrared because of the friction between air and object, and get caught by PIR. The main component of PIR sensor is Pyroelectric sensor. Along with BISS0001 ("Micro Power PIR Motion Detector IC"), some resistors, capacitors and other components used to build PIR sensor. BISS0001 IC take the input from sensor and does processing to make the output pin high or low accordingly. Pyroelectric sensor divide in two halves, when there is no motion, both halves remain in same state, means both senses the same level o

JOURNAL 3 TRANSFORMER Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Credit to :  Prajapati Dipali, K., Raj Roshani, D., Patel Komal, C., & Hilali Marhaba, A.

JOURNAL 2 Retina Scanned Based Lock Retinal scans map the unique patterns of a person’s retina. The blood vessels within the retina absorb light more readily than the surrounding tissue and are easily identified with appropriate lighting.A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy infrared light into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner’s eyepiece. This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina. Once the scanner device captures a retinal image, specialized software compiles the unique features of the network of retinal blood vessels into a template. Retinal scan algorithms require a high-quality image and will not let a user enroll or verify until the system is able to capture an image of sufficient quality. The retina template generated is typically one of the smallest of any biometric technology. Retinal scan is a highly dependable technology because it is highly accurate and difficult to spoof, in terms of ide

JOURNAL 1 IR SENSOR An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These types of sensors measures only infrared radiation, rather than emitting it that is called as a passive IR sensor. Usually in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiations. These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, that can be detected by an infrared sensor.The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is simply an IR photodiode which is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength as that emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, The resistances and these output voltages, change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light received. An infrared sensor circuit is one of the basic and popular sensor module in an electronic device. This sensor is analogous to human’s visionary

4th BRIEFING FINAL YEAR PROJECT Today is the 10th week for this FYP 1. The briefing was conducted as usual place in TTL 1 and the attendance for all FYP 1 students are compulsory. The briefing was conducted by Dr. Mohammed Reyasudin Basir Khan. Date:  13th October 2017 Venue:  TTL 1 Time:  3pm - 5pm. This workshop is about Abstract/ Executive summary and Proposal Defense. We have be brief about how to write abstract in the proposal report. Should not exceed 250 words. Avoid using jargon. Do not repeat idea. Use short & direct sentences. Use correct tenses. I have also learn something about proposal defense. Presentation to assessor : Give the assessor a sense of what your idea. Make them want to know more about your project. Get feedback on your work. While preparing slide : In bullet point. Emphasize the important parts. No grammatical mistakes. Make sure pictures and images enhance your presentation. This week I have gain more knowled

JOURNAL 3 RECTIFIER There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC. Bridge rectifier A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative sections). Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, this changes over the connections so the alternating directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage th

JOURNAL 2 FINGERPRINT SCANNER Fingerprint scanners aren’t just reserved for the very top-tier of smartphones these days, even your reasonably priced mid-ranger can come packing in the additional security hardware. OPTICAL SCANNER Optical fingerprint scanners are the oldest method of capturing and comparing fingerprints. As the name suggests, this technique relies on capturing an optical image, essentially a photograph, and using algorithms to detect unique patterns on the surface, such as ridges or unique marks, by analysing the lightest and darkest areas of the image. CAPACITIVE SCANNER The most commonly found type of fingerprint scanner used today is the capacitive scanner. Instead of creating a traditional image of a fingerprint, capacitive fingerprint scanners use arrays tiny capacitor circuits to collect data about a fingerprint. As capacitors can store electrical charge, connecting them up to conductive plates on the surface of the scanner allows the

JOURNAL 1 TEMPERATURE SENSOR A temperature sensor plays an important role in many applications. For example, maintaining a specific temperature is essential for equipment used to fabricate medical drugs, heat liquids, or clean other equipment. For applications like these, the responsiveness and accuracy of the detection circuit can be critical for quality control. More frequently, however, temperature detection is part of preventative reliability. For example, while an appliance may not actually perform any high temperature activities, the system itself may be at risk to overheating. This risk arises from specific external factors such as a harsh operating environment or internal factors like self-heating of electronics. By detecting when overheating occurs, the system can take preventative action. In these use cases, the temperature detection circuit must be reliable over the expected operating temperature range for the application. Credit to :  Kumar, V., Mahala,

DESIGN PROJECT HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE For this week I have met my co-supervisor to discuss about software and hardware to develop this project. Which my co-supervisor is PROF. DR. ZULKIFLI ABDUL KADIR BAKTI. He will help me on my hardware and software until my project success. I have explain on how my final year project should work. According to my project, he suggest me to use some simple component to less my burden. We have also discuss how my project will look like and know how it will run from the start to the end. From this meeting, its look like i don't have any simulation, because according to my co-supervisor, i will do it directly using hardware and supposed to get the result in the table form in the laptop. For the hardware he suggest to use nodemcu (ESP8266), two channel relay module and servo motor. For the software, I will use arduino.